![]() If we could describe it in one word, ‘standard’ would be it. No new-fangled add-ons or extensions, no bells and whistles. Internet Explorer is a basic, decent browser. The user who just wants to browse the web, do some shopping, and watch YouTube will have no problem with Internet Explorer. If you have a Mac, Safari is great for all of your basic needs as well. In that case, Chrome would be ideal as they have an extension for nearly anything that you can think of. With that said, if you're someone who likes the convenience of having a large extension catalogue, IE may not be what you're looking for. Truthfully, IE11 is a fresh breath of air compared to what it used to be. When people think of this browser, they think that it's outdated, slow, and boring to look at. This version of Internet Explorer is not the same one from ten years ago. It was previously available for some video game consoles, but is not available on Android and iOS devices. You can run Internet Explorer on any PC that runs Windows. If you're uncomfortable with this knowledge, there are ways to restrict what data is collected by visiting Microsoft's opt-out page and clearing some of what you'll find on the Microsoft Privacy Dashboard, like your location data and search history. Some of this data is required by law, and some of it is taken in exchange for the use of their products, but most times this is basic information like your name and email address. Depending on your settings, Microsoft does store data about the products and features that you use through their services. Microsoft is very transparent about security and the data that they collect from users. If there's a website that you visit frequently, just drag the tab down to the task bar and bam - the website is pinned! From then on, clicking on the icon brings up the page in Internet Explorer and changes the tab's appearance - navigational arrows are now the color of the site's icon (like light blue for Twitter or pink for Instagram) and the logo sits on the far left of the address bar.īack to privacy, which is at the top of our list of important things to know about browsers. There are a few features that we find really cool, and one of our favorites is the ability to pin websites. There is no clutter and tabs are quite thin - even more so than some competitors. The interface is incredibly simple, with four icons to the top right taking you to menus for favorites and history, an icon for tools, one for settings, and one to bring you back to the home page. Entering anything into the MSN search bar redirects you to the Bing search engine. At the top of the page there are icons directing you to other Microsoft software and apps, like the Microsoft store, Outlook, One Drive, and the Microsoft Office Suite. On this page you can view the latest news headlines, see world news, news specifically about your city and more. More on privacy later.Īfter the quick setup, you'll be taken to the MSN homepage. SmartScreen is a component that works to protect you from harmful websites by relaying them to Microsoft to be looked over. Using the recommended settings mostly affects the security and compatibility of your browser by enabling Windows Defender SmartScreen. ![]() ![]() You can either choose the recommended settings or opt-out and customize the settings your own way. The first thing that happens when you open the browser is a window pops up prompting you to properly set it up. In order to get to Internet Explorer, you'll need to search for it in the task bar. Edge is the default browser that will come up when you first use the internet on the Windows OS. The little blue 'e' that you'll see in your taskbar isn't Explorer though, it's Microsoft Edge, the newest browser from Microsoft that was first released in 2015. On Windows 10, the most recent version of the browser is Internet Explorer 11. If you have a computer running the Windows OS, you more than likely have a version of Internet Explorer already installed. The most streamlined browser for the casual internet user
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![]() To do so, the first step is to preserve our tiny home, extinguish war, and continue to support scientific advances and discoveries.However, Zhang reportedly also underscored the possibility that the signals are products of radio interference. But it’s not to say that it cannot be achieved as long as we take care of Earth and each other. Now, as I said, humans are a very, very long way from ever reaching anything like this. Here beings would be like gods, having the knowledge to manipulate the universe as they please. Yes, Type V might just be the next possible advancement to such a civilization. A Type IV civilization would need to tap into energy sources unknown to us using strange, or currently unknown, laws of physics. To previous methods of generating energy, these kinds of feats are considered impossible. (I mean, surely there is a limit?) Type IV civilizations would almost be able to harness the energy content of the entire universe and with that, they could traverse the accelerating expansion of space (furthermore, advance races of these species may live inside supermassive black holes). Many think so, but a few believe there is a further level that could be achieved. He thought that, surely, this would be the extent of any species’ ability. Kardashev believed a Type IV civilization was ‘too’ advanced and didn’t go beyond Type III on his scale. are there any other options? Well yes, because we’d have the capability to move Jupiter, or another planet of our choice, into the way – pretty cool, right?Īn artist rendering of such a civilization (Credit: Sid Meier's Civilization IV) But let’s say we didn’t want to move Earth. Or if we had time, we could move our planet out of the way, completely dodging it. Take, for instance, if humans survived long enough to reach this status, and a moon sized object entered our solar system on a collision course with our little blue planet-we’d have the ability to vaporize it out of existence. What would this much energy mean for a species? Well, nothing known to science could wipe out a Type II civilization. Nearby gas giants can be utilized for their hydrogen, slowly drained of life by an orbiting reactor. Alternatively, if fusion power (the mechanism that powers stars) had been mastered by the race, a reactor on a truly immense scale could be used to satisfy their needs. ![]() The most popular of which is the hypothetical ‘Dyson Sphere.' This device, if you want to call it that, would encompass every single inch of the star, gathering most (if not all) of its energy output and transferring it to a planet for later use. Several methods for this have been proposed. The next step up - a Type II civilization - can harness the power of their entire star (not merely transforming starlight into energy, but controlling the star). But what does each of these categories actually stand for in literal terms?Ī Dyson Sphere (Credit: Slawek Wojtowicz) Kaku tends to believe that, all things taken into consideration, we will reach Type I in 100 – 200 years time. Since we still sustain our energy needs from dead plants and animals, here on Earth, we are a lowly Type 0 civilization (and we have a LONG way to go before being promoted to a type I civilization). These additions consider both energy access as well as the amount of knowledge the civilizations have access to.įirst, it is important to note that the human race is not even on this scale yet. Other astronomers have extended the scale to Type IV (10⁴⁶W) and Type V (the energy available to this kind of civilization would equal that of all energy available in not just our universe, but in all universes and in all time-lines). It has 3 base classes, each with an energy disposal level: Type I (10¹⁶W), Type II (10²⁶W), and Type III (10³⁶W). The scale was originally designed in 1964 by the Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Kardashev (who was looking for signs of extraterrestrial life within cosmic signals). ![]() Never flashy or glamorous, MADVILLAINY is served straight up, the way hip-hop was meant to be. " Lib's inventive production leans towards the jazzy side of his repertoire, and Doom unleashes outrageous lyrics on par with his solo efforts (and even his work as Zevlove X in his stint with K. Similarly, additional goods like as madvillainy vinyl. For example, a pair of pants can range from 20 to 200 depending on where you buy them. You don’t know how much something costs because the pricing range is so vast. It’s difficult to predict product costs nowadays. In mixing their comic-book-like personas, Madlib and Doom play to their nearly superhuman strengths while some other collaborations of this caliber seems forced and lop-sided, there is absolutely no filler here-just undiluted beats and rhymes, best exemplified by the singles "America's Most Blunted" and "All Caps. madvillainy vinyl come in a variety of designs and pricing ranges. Digging a little deeper, here’s the other Madvillain records we’ve released. With both men known for their stunning soundscapes, rhyming skills, and schizophrenic personalities, the duo decided to have Madlib concentrate on the beats and let Doom handle the lyrics. Album Info Artist Madvillain Album Madvillainy Originally Released 2004 Re-released 2019 Condition New UPC 659457206512 Tracklist: A1 The Illest Villains A2. Q D3 Rhinestone Cowboy Tracks: A1: Accordion A2: Meat Grinder A3: Raid A4: Americas Most Blunted B1: Rainbows B2: Curls B3: Money Folder B4: Shadows Of. Money Folder & Most Blunted 12 EP (2003) Curls & All Caps 12 EP (2004) Madvillainy 2/LP (2004) Madvillainy Instrumentals 2/LP (2004) Four Tet Remixes 12 EP (2005) Madvillainy 2: The Madlib Remix 2/LP (2008). Two years in the making, and combining two of the best underground hip-hop artists of the early 2000s, this collaboration between MF Doom and Madlib has been appropriately dubbed MADVILLAINY. Madvillainy is a collaboration between rapper MF DOOM and producer Madlib under the group name Madvillain. Additional personnel includes: Lord Quas, M. Madvillainy is the only studio album by American hip hop duo Madvillain, consisting of rapper MF Doom and producer Madlib.It was released on March 23, 2004, on Stones Throw Records. If managers score high on concern for production and high on concern for people, they can be labelled as having a ‘Team Management’ style. The major downside of this approach is the danger that neither aspect (concern for production and concern for people) is delivered to satisfactorily levels. This is essentially a compromising approach in which the manager tries to avoid conflict with subordinates whilst pushing for moderate production. They attempt to balance between an organization’s performance targets and the needs of employees. Managers that score medium on concern for production and medium on concern for people have a ‘Middle-of-the-Road Management’ style. This style is largely based on McGregor’s Theory X that states that employees generally have little ambition, avoid responsibilities, and are mostly extrinsically motivated. Managers may even use their coercive powers to punish subordinates if targets are not being met. In order to boost performance, managers try to make subordinates comply by using tangible rewards such as monetary bonuses. Efficiency in operations, however, should be the dominant orientation. These type of managers usually believe that subordinates’ needs are relatively unimportant. The dictorial ‘Authority-Compliance’ Management’ style (or ‘Produce-or-Perish’ style) implies that managers score high on concern for production and low on concern for people. Individual subordinates that are more task-focused might experience this management style as frustrating. The resulting work atmosphere is therefore usually quite friendly and easy-going, but not very productive. As a consequence, the primary emphasis of Country Club managers is given to people rather than to work outputs. They firmly belief that being accomodating to the needs of subordinates will ultimately increase performance, as everybody will be happy and contented. Managers with this style pay a lot of attention to the security, well-being and harmony of subordinates. Managers that score low on concern for production and high on concern for people are considered to have a ‘Country Club Management’ style. The main concern for Impoverished Managers is often to not be held responsible for mistakes. The motives for this type of managerial behaviour can differ. They exert minimum effort to get required work done and to maintain interpersonal relationships. Managers that score low on concern for production and low on concern for people are labelled as having an ‘Impoverished Management’ style or ‘Indifferent Management’ style. These managers are friendly, provide open communication, develop teamwork, and are oriented toward their subordinates’ welfare. ![]() Concern for People (Relationship-Oriented)Ī concern for people means that managers are mindful of subordinates, respect their ideas and feelings, establish mutual trust. Managers with this style typically give instructions, spend time planning, emphasize deadlines and provide explicit schedules of work acitivities. This article will elaborate on these different kind of styles and its implications.įigure 1: Blake and Mouton Managerial Grid Concern for Production (Task-Oriented)Ī concern for production means that managers direct subordinates towards goals. Depending on a manager’s score on each of the two axis, you can assign different types of management styles to managers. Each axis on the grid consists of a nine-point scale with 1 meaning a low concern and 9 a high concern. ![]() ![]() Inspired by these findings, Blake and Mouton from the University of Texas proposed a two-dimensional Managerial Grid based on a manager’s concern for production (task-oriented) and concern for people (relationship-oriented). Even though these two factors are not the only important management behaviours, concern for both the task and the people must been shown at some reasonable level. Ohio State Studies and Michigan Studies), two basic management behaviours can be identified as important: task-oriented behaviour and people-oriented behaviour. What constitutes a good manager? Based on behavioural research studies on leadership and management (e.g.
![]() Versions for Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, some other *nix systems, DOS, Windows, BeOS, MINIX, QNX, AmigaOS, OpenVMS and classic Mac OS. However, text web browsers are highly specialized mature tools that may be useful in various situations using Windows. All the more, most Windows users have always had a quite vague idea of their existence. The spread of broadband Internet and specialized soft for text-to-speech systems cut the scope of the console web browsers. With the development of GUI programs further in the dial-up era, text web browsers have been useful as the fastest way to view web documents and as a part of text-to-speech systems. In former times text-based web browsers were an important tool for viewing web documents. Although those of them that do not work in the Cygwin environment have their little peculiarities. And the text web browsers for Windows are the versions of console web browsers for *nix systems. Very few (e.g., Wanna-Be / WannaBe for classic Mac OS) console web browsers were made originally for some other operating systems. There the text-based web browsers were created, there is their main line of development. Text-based, or console web browsers are more typical for the Linux environment and other Unix-like systems. You most probably won’t face any issue after a short period of learning. Unlike some command-line tools, the browser is quite easy to understand and use. It’s a text-based web browser that supports SSL and various HTML features. JavaScript - Javascript must be enabled to use Text-Em-All.Windows console applications. Started in 1992, Lynx is the oldest web browser still in active development.Blocking or disabling cookies will cause the application to stop working. Cookies - Cookies must be enabled to use Text-Em-All.After this date, you will no longer be able to use Text-Em-All via IE 11. Internet Explorer 11 ***Microsoft is retiring Internet Explorer 11 on June 15, 2022.See your browser's documentation to learn more about checking and updating your version: We strongly recommend using the latest browser version available to your operating system. Your experience with Internet Explorer will likely be inferior to other browsers. Web pages sometimes have small text that can be difficult to read. Under small bandwidth connections, usually, they render pages faster than graphical web browsers due to lowered bandwidth demands. If youre using Outlooks Simplified Ribbon, youll find this option under the overflow menu. In the Move group on the Ribbon, select More Move Actions > View in Browser. These steps will not work from the Reading Pane. Double-click the email to open it in its own window. Note: Internet Explorer is no longer supported by Microsoft. Posted in: Apple, Google/Chrome, Microsoft or Windows, Tech Tips. A text-based web browser is a web browser that renders only the text of web pages, and ignores most graphic content. To view an email in Internet Explorer, use the following steps. Internet Explorer 11 - PC only ***Microsoft is retiring Internet Explorer 11 on June 15, 2022.Its main purpose is to be run on a remote server and accessed via SSH/Mosh or the in-browser HTML service in order to significantly reduce bandwidth and thus both increase browsing speeds and decrease bandwidth costs. It renders anything that a modern browser can HTML5, CSS3, JS, video and even WebGL. Additional features / scale will require a paid subscription. Browsh is a fully-modern text-based browser. There will be a very generous first tier, making it essentially free for most people. You will get back a URL on textualize.io that you can distribute. It is recommended you use the latest version of these browsers. You run your textual app with switch that turns it in to a server of sorts. ![]() You can use the following browsers to access and use Text-Em-All. We recommend you switch to another major browser we support such as Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari. This guide will show you which browsers work well with Text-Em-All.ĪLERT: Internet Explorer 11 is no longer compatible with our platform due to Microsoft's plan to retire the browser. However, some browsers may no longer be supported by their original creators which creates security concerns and performance issues. We strive to make Text-Em-All available on as many browsers as possible. ![]() Fix 1: Install Windows Update KB5008295 (released on Nov 04, 2021) You can use the first two community-found fixes or use the last method suggested by Microsoft. Here’s how you can fix Snipping Tool on your Windows 11 PC. Snipping Tool Broken Issue: How to fix Windows+Shift+S shortcut not working Image: Twitter Fix 9: Use another tool to take screenshots.Fix 5: Ensure clipboard history is enabled.Fix 4: Uninstall Security Update KB5006674.Fix 3: Use the older version of the app.Fix 1: Install Windows Update KB5008295 (released on Nov 04, 2021).Snipping Tool Broken Issue: How to fix Windows+Shift+S shortcut not working.After drawing, releasing the mouse cursor enables capture. Press Windows + Shift + S together.Ģ. The cursor will appear, allowing you to draw on the screen region to capture.ģ. This shortcut works on Windows 10 only, unlike some other shortcuts which work on Windows 7 and 8.1 as well. Windows 10: Screenshots u sing the ‘ Windows + Shift + S ’ shortcutġ. ![]() Full-screen Snip, like the regular Print Screen button on a computer, allows you to take a screenshot of the entire screen. With Rectangular Snip you can take a rectangular-shaped screenshot by moving your cursor around the object or area you want.ĥ. Window Snip lets you capture stand-alone windows like a dialogue box, browser, video, or music player.Ħ. Free-form Snip allows you to highlight a rough outline around the object or area of interest you wish to screenshot.Ĥ. There are a variety of options available.ģ. ![]() Once it is running, use the mode button to choose the screenshot type you want. Using the snipping tool in Windows is one of the best ways of taking a screenshot as it also enables light editing.ġ. In the start menu, search “snipping tool” and hit enter to bring it up on screen.Ģ. Using Fn + Alt + Spacebar creates a screenshot of the active window and saves it to the clipboard. With Fn + Spacebar you can save a screenshot of the current screen to the clipboard. On the Surface or Surface Pro tablets with Windows 10, there are device-specific shortcuts. On most handheld devices such as tablets, press the Windows logo on your start screen and, at the same time, hold down the volume down button to take a full-screen screenshot and save it.Ģ. In case you are using a tablet or any other device without a keyboard, the best alternative is to use the hardware buttons your device is equipped with.ġ. For taking a Screenshot press “Windows + Alt + Prt Sc” (c) Pixabay/Clker-Free-Vector-Images) How to take a screenshot o n t he Microsoft Surface T ab and other Windows Tablets Press the shortcut buttons Windows + Alt + PrtScn.Ģ. This automatically creates and saves the screenshot on the computer. The feature is located on the Game Bar, which allows gamers to take screenshots of a current game window.ġ. This shortcut features on the Windows 10 Creators Update. ![]() Using Windows + Alt + PrtScn to take Screenshots on Windows 10 Taking a screenshot in Windows 10 is relatively easy: press the Windows key and the Print key at the same time and Windows 10 will create a PNG file which you can save. If you were wondering how to take a screenshot on Windows 10-equipped devices, below are some of the easiest ways to do so. Vintageporn.work has a zero-tolerance policy against illegal pornography. We have a lot of retro movies for fans of all genres and fetishes, and we carefully selected porn content, trying to give site visitors only the most juicy, interesting and best porn.ĭo not hesitate-listen to your wishes and choose what you personally like.īestPorn, fuck tube host, Sex Tube, Teen Porn, HD Free Sex, Teen sex movies,Īll models appearing on this website were 18 years or older at the time of depiction. 2 years ago HD Sex Step sister caught checking out her perfect caboose on Hidden Camera Caught Spy Voyeur Passionate Sex On Massage Table 7:01. ![]() Sweet sexy rare video babe getting screwed in public video 9 |ĭaughter spys on stepmom and masterbating | Youll probably lose a friend, but youll keep your self-respect. If he eventually asks you why, then tell him. Young girl public teen gangbang orgy part 2 | Response 1 I think this is a lose-lose situation for everyone except the wife, who wants to use you to stroke her ego. 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She then takes out her big soft breasts and guides your had to touch her nipples. She spreads open her legs to show you her soaking wet pussy, dipping her fingers inside and spreading her beautiful pussy lips, while rubbing her toes on your shorts against your obvious erection. "Of course that's ok honey! You should never feel bad about liking cum too!" This has made your cock start to grow, and you ask her if it's ok that you like thinking about their cum inside her. It excites you when she tells you that all of your friends fuck her, most of the football team was there, cumming inside her today. She tries to explain, describing her need for sex, for cum inside her. ![]() In the case of women, the two focal areas are. Massages have been used for medical purposes for a very long time, and their use for erotic purposes also has a long history. Your friend quickly leaves and you watch her playing gently and happily with her wet pussy. Erotic massage or sensuous massage is the use of massage techniques by a person on another person's erogenous zones to achieve or enhance their sexual excitation or arousal. As you look through the cracked open door you see one of your friends on top of your mom, convulsing in orgasm inside her! He stands up and you see your mom pussy soaking wet from all of the cum smeared all over her pussy. You have gotten home early from school and hear some strange noises coming from your mom's room. Brother came in the evening to his stepsister in the room and cum on her tits twice, she love make him a blowjob xHamster, amateur, blowjob, hidden. The woman, who asked to be identified only as Jane Doe, said her 5-year-old daughter was caught by a teacher inside a bathroom at school giving oral sex to a 4-year-old boy. INCLUDES: TABOO - BLOWJOB - CREAMPIE - MILF - DOGGY STYLE - BAREFOOT - SLOPPY SECONDS ![]() Get the pattern HERE #19 Caterpillar Crochet Pattern Get the pattern HERE #18 Sunflower Crochet PatternĬute Sunflower amigurumi crochet pattern. Get the pattern HERE #17 Lion Baby Rattle Crochet PatternĪdorable crochet lion pattern. Get it HERE #16 Seahorse Crochet PatternĪdorable Sea Horse crochet pattern. Get it HERE #15 Octopus Crochet PatternĬrochet this adorable octopus pattern. Get the pattern HERE #14 Llama Crochet PatternĬrochet this bright and fun llama pattern. Get the pattern HERE #13 Avocado Crochet PatternĬrochet these cute Avocado amigurumi crochet patterns. The colour work and detail is so beautiful. Get this cute amigurumi crochet pattern HERE #12 Multi-Coloured Dragon Crochet Pattern Get the pattern HERE #11 Tiger Crochet PatternĬute Crochet Tiger pattern. Get the crochet pattern HERE #10 Jellyfish Crochet PatternĪdorable jellyfish crochet pattern perfect for little ones. Get the pattern HERE #9 Big Eyed Owl Crochet PatternĪdorable crochet owl pattern. I love this crochet pattern! It reminds me of squirt from Finding Nemo. ![]() Get the pattern HERE #8 Sea Turtle Crochet Pattern How adorable is this dragon crochet pattern! Make it for the dragon lover in your life. Get the crochet pattern HERE #7 Pink Dragon Crochet Pattern Get the pattern HERE #6 Horse Crochet Pattern So fun and bright for your summer crochet projects. Get this cute pattern HERE #5 Crochet Frog patternĪdorable Crochet frog pattern. Get the crochet pattern HERE #4 Crochet Succulent pattern Crochet your child’s favourite dragon character. Get this adorable crochet pattern HERE #3 Crochet Toothless DragonĬrochet black dragon pattern. How cute is this crochet turtle pattern! Get the pattern HERE #2 Crochet Baby YodaĬrochet Baby Yoda Pattern. If you love crocheting I’m sure you’ll love these amigurumi crochet patterns. You can purchase these adorable crochet patterns on Etsy. There are so many adorable crochet patterns to choose from. If you cannot find a pattern in this list, you can look through the rest of my patterns found on my blog by clicking HERE and you can also find all of my wearable patterns HERE.Here are my top 30 amigurumi Etsy pics for June. Other resources: If you want to find my tutorials on how to perform all the simplest techniques, click HERE I’m making it super easy to find something that grabs you – click the photo to find the free pattern and get started right away for free. It’s a ton of fun and I think these are the perfect entry level patterns to get your started. I hope you enjoy these patterns, and they give you the confidence to continue making amigurumi. Click any photo down below to be directed to the free pattern of your choosing! There are a ton of amigurumi that include more complex stitches that you can tackle when you feel more confident. These patterns are for anyone who are wanting to jump into amigurumi in the easiest way. ![]() ![]() I have compiled my most simple, accessible, and beginner friendly patterns I have come out with. Start with the basics with free patterns + tutorials! Whether you are familiar with both techniques or neither, this blog post is for you. The best part about amigurumi is that it uses only a few techniques that can be learned quickly and uses the most basic of stitches, the single crochet. There is so much space to manipulate your project when working “in the round”. When working in the round, we will be working in a circle.Īmigurumi often uses the technique called the “ magic ring” or the “ magic circle” (same thing!) This allows us to work in a circular shape which is a much easier way to achieve 3D shapes as you see with so many different dolls. When working in the row, you will start your projects by chaining. If you already have some experience with crochet, you are probably familiar with working in the row. When working with Amigurumi, although not always, you will most often you will be working “in the round”. And since you’re visiting my blog, I am going to make the safe assumption that you want to get into Amigurumi! Amigurumi is the Japanese art from of crocheted or knitted dolls and it’s starting to gain some popularity and for good reason. Learning to crochet is such an exciting skill to learn and the possibilities of what you can make are endless. All of them are free and accessible on blog – scroll down to find them! TLDR This list of patterns is for anyone who have little to no experience with crochet or for those looking to make a super quick project. In the century leading up to Alexander’s reign, Persia was furthered weakened by a civil war and other internal rebellions. After suffering humiliating back-to-back defeats in Greece in the 5th-century B.C., Persia stopped expanding. The Persian cavalry and archers were also legendary, as were the scythe chariots which cut down enemy infantry with their razor-sharp wheel hubs.īut there were also signs that the Persian Empire was already in decline. When a man was killed, another rose to take his place. At the heart of the Persian army were the “Immortals,” an elite regiment of 10,000 infantrymen whose numbers never changed. It’s estimated that King Darius III of Persia was in command of a total of 2.5 million soldiers spread across his vast empire. Whether motivated by Greek pride or the spoils of imperial conquest, Alexander picked up where his father left off and marched into Persia in 334 BC, where his army of 50,000 would be tested against the largest and best-trained fighting force in the known world. “He’s invading Persia to punish the Persians retroactively for daring to invade Greece in the first place.” ![]() “Alexander creates a propaganda campaign that the Macedonians are invading Persia on behalf of the Greeks, even though Macedon wasn’t part of Greece and didn’t fight on the side of Greece in the original Greco-Persian wars,” says Wrightson. That conflict featured the famous Battle of Thermopylae, where 300 Spartan warriors made a heroic last stand against tens of thousands of Persian invaders. So as he turned his attention back to Persia, Alexander framed his campaign against the Achaemenid Empire as a patriotic retaliation for Persia’s failed invasion of the Greek mainland a century earlier. Not only did the Macedonian army easily crush the Thebian rebellion, says Wrightson, “but Alexander razed Thebes to the ground and sold the entire city into slavery, except for one house owned by the descendants of his favorite poet.” Alexander Used Political Campaigns to Rule GreeceĪlways the savvy strategist, Alexander knew that he couldn’t rule the Greek mainland by fear and brute force alone. ![]() Immediately after Alexander was made king, Thebes rose up to challenge his authority-a big mistake. The Greek city-states of Athens and Thebes weren’t thrilled to be under the thumb of “barbarian” kings, particularly since it infringed on their democratic ideals. But before Alexander could push into Persia, he had to take care of business back home. “As soon as Alexander came to the throne, he openly stated that he would carry on his father’s plans,” says Graham Wrightson, a history professor at South Dakota State University and author of Combined Arms Warfare in Ancient Greece. But soon after crossing the Hellespont into Persian territory, Philip was assassinated, making young Alexander the new king and commander-in-chief of the Macedonian forces. With the Greek mainland subdued under Macedonian rule, Philip turned his well-oiled army East toward the Persian Empire, a far greater prize. The battle served as a coming-out party for 18-year-old Alexander, who bravely led the Macedonian cavalry charge that broke through the Athenian ranks and secured victory for the upstart kingdom. ![]() and defeated an all-star alliance of Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea. Gone was the shorter “dory” or Greek wooden spear (7 feet long), and in its place was the much longer sarissa, an 18- to 22-foot hunting spear with an iron tip that could puncture heavy armor and impale charging cavalry horses.īacked by his shiny new army, Philip marched south in 338 B.C. Weaponry also got an upgrade under Philip. The highest positions were in the Royal Companion Cavalry, the king’s own personal squadron, and in the Royal Hypaspists, an elite 500-man infantry unit that surrounded the king in battle. Aristocratic young men would start their military training at seven years old and graduate to officers at 18. Philip reorganized all of Macedonian society around a professional army and raised elite fighting forces of infantry, cavalry, javelin throwers and archers. It was Alexander’s father, Philip, who single-handedly transformed the Macedonian army into one of the most feared fighting machines in the ancient world. The historic centers of Greek power were the city-states of Athens, Sparta and Thebes to the south, whose leaders regarded the Macedonians as barbarians. The Macedonians weren’t always a force to be reckoned with. |
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